SS-31: Benefits, Dosage & FDA Status
Elamipretide (SS-31)
A cell-permeable tetrapeptide that targets cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Investigated for primary mitochondrial myopathy, heart failure, and dry age-related macular degeneration.
FDA Status
Not FDA-approved — Phase 3 trials for primary mitochondrial myopathy
Typical Dose
Trial range: 40 mg subcutaneous daily
Evidence Grade
B+Multiple clinical studies + widespread clinical use
Half-Life
~3 hours
Routes of Administration
subcutaneous
First Synthesized
2003
Clinics Indexed
29 providers have offered SS-31 in our tracked directory.
Mechanism of Action
Aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide concentrating in mitochondria; binds cardiolipin and protects electron transport chain integrity.
Key Reported Benefits
- ✓Mitochondrial cardiolipin support
- ✓ATP production
- ✓Reduced oxidative damage
Benefits listed reflect commonly reported effects from clinical trials and practitioner use. Individual response varies. Evidence-grade B+ indicates multiple clinical studies + widespread clinical use.
Reported Side Effects
- •Injection-site reactions
- •Skin pigmentation (high doses)
Contraindications
- ⚠Pregnancy
- ⚠Active malignancy
Regulatory & Safety Context
FDA status: Not FDA-approved — Phase 3 trials for primary mitochondrial myopathy
This page is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Peptide use outside of an FDA-approved indication should be discussed with a licensed medical professional. Source quality, cold-chain storage, and injection hygiene all materially affect safety outcomes.
See state-by-state legality: US peptide legality by state →
References
Selected primary literature on SS-31. Full PubMed records linked. Additional citations are available on request.
Last reviewed: 2026-04-30
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